Quote on Hinduism by President Barack Hussein Obama

President Barack Hussein Obama (1961 - ) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In his trip to India he noted:
“….Indians unlocked the intricacies of the human body and the vastness of our universe. And it is no exaggeration to say that our information age is rooted in Indian innovations—including the number zero. India not only opened our minds, she expanded our moral imagination. With religious texts that still summon the faithful to lives of dignity and discipline.”

"And we believe that when countries and cultures put aside old habits and attitudes that keep people apart, when we recognize our common humanity, then we can begin to fulfill the aspirations we share. It’s a simple lesson contained in that collection of stories which has guided Indians for centuries—the Panchtantra. And it’s the spirit of the inscription seen by all who enter this great hall:

‘That one is mine and the other a stranger is the concept of little minds. But to the large-hearted, the world itself is their family.” is a translation of a Sanskrit subhashita:

“Ayam nija paro vedi gananam laghu chetasam
Udaara charitanam tu vasudaiva kutumbakam”. - Maha Upanishad, Verse 71.

Obama made references, both explicit and oblique, to Rabindranath Tagore and Swami Vivekananda, and to the tales of the Panchatantra and to a dictum from the Bhagavad Gita.

US President said: “Instead of succumbing to division, you have shown that the strength of India — the very idea of India — is its embrace of all colours, castes and creeds. It’s the diversity represented in this chamber today. It’s the richness of faiths, celebrated by a visitor to my hometown of Chicago more than a century ago — the renowned Swami Vivekananda. He said that, ‘holiness, purity and charity are not the exclusive possessions of any church in the world, and that every system has produced men and women of the most exalted character’.”

He did not attempt the Sanskrit original “Vasudeva kutumbakam” but everyone smiled at his reference to the Bhagavad Gita. He spoke about how much Mahatma Gandhi meant to him, adding without flourish: “And I am mindful that I might not be standing before you today, as President of the United States, had it not been for Gandhi and the message he shared with America and the world.”

(source: A Global Partnership - BJP and Land of milk, honey and Obama prose – By Manini Chatterjee - telegraphindia.com).

Obama Should Have Thanked India - Philip Goldberg.

By Philip Goldberg.Interfaith Minister, author of 'American Veda: How Indian Spirituality Changed the West'

Speaking of the American-Indian relationship, President Obama predicted it would be "one of the defining partnerships of the twenty-first century." No doubt it will be. But in fact, our two nations have been trading partners of sorts for more than two centuries, and Americans have derived far more from the arrangement than they realize.

As the land of material discovery and innovation, the U.S. has given India advantages from electric lighting to computer technology, not to mention the inventions that made Bollywood a larger producer of movies than Hollywood. What we've imported in return is far more subtle, but perhaps even more profound. Ages ago, the vast subcontinent birthed explorers and innovators who focused on the inner realm. Those geniuses -- spiritual sages or scientists of consciousness, depending on your perspective -- gave us, through a series of modern translators and adapters, insights that have profoundly influenced religion, healthcare, psychology, the arts and other areas of life. The way we understand ourselves and the universe has been shaped by India more than we can readily appreciate.

It began when early translations of Hindu and Buddhist texts, along with scholarly commentaries, arrived from Europe and found their way to Ralph Waldo Emerson. The philosopher who has been called our "founding thinker" absorbed Indian philosophy with the gusto of a gourmand sampling savory curries for the first time. It helped to shape the Emersonian world-view, which gave rise to process philosophy and American pragmatism, as well as to a literary tradition so pervasive that Yale's Harold Bloom called the Sage of Concord "the mind of America." Anyone who reads Emerson, whether a high school student for an assignment or an adult for illumination, gets a dose of Indian philosophy, whether or not he or she realizes it.

The same can be said of anyone who reads Henry David Thoreau or Walt Whitman. The Bhagavad Gita that Thoreau borrowed from his mentor, Emerson, was his constant companion on Walden Pond. When Obama noted the debt that America owes to Mahatma Gandhi for his immense influence on Martin Luther King, he left out the initial phase of that great U.S.-India volley: Thoreau, who called the Vedas "the royal road for the attainment of Great Knowledge," was one of Gandhi's inspirations. Whitman too was touched by India's "deep diving bibles and legends" and "far-darting beams of the spirit," and poets from Emily Dickinson to Bob Dylan were all touched by our national bard.

That was just the beginning. The pioneers of the so-called New Thought movement drank deeply of Eastern ideas, giving rise to Theosophy, Unity Church, Science of Mind and other institutions that became spiritual homes to an army of seekers. Later, the swamis of the Vedanta Society tutored men whose collective impact on the culture has been incalculable: the British expatriates Gerald Heard, Christopher Isherwood and Aldous Huxley; the comparative mythologist Joseph Campbell; Huston Smith, the most influential religious scholar of the past fifty years; and J.D. Salinger, whose later works taught Eastern Philosophy 101 in fictional form.

Come 1968, the Indian tsunami triggered by the Beatles' now-legendary visit to the ashram of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi gave us far more than The White Album (as if that weren't enough). Over a million people learned Transcendental Meditation, while scientists began the enterprise that has since produced over a thousand experiments on meditative practices. Seminal books like Autobiography of a Yogi by Paramahansa Yogananda and Be Here Now by Ram Dass (nee Richard Alpert) were devoured. Youngsters who studied with gurus went on to become scholars who taught religion in a new way, enlarged the study of psychology to encompass the spiritual dimension, introduced new methods to psychotherapy and began to rethink the nature of consciousness. Self-help authors like John Gray of Men Are from Mars fame adapted Eastern ideas to books and seminars. Popular thinkers like Deepak Chopra and Ken Wilber integrated them into books that appeal as much to secular types as to spiritual seekers. Medical experts like Dean Ornish incorporated yogic teachings into mainstream health practices. And the trickle of Americans going to yoga classes became a mighty river that's now fifteen to twenty million strong.

If you think these are minor phenomena compared to the economic and geopolitical issues discussed by Obama and Indian leaders, consider how many healthcare dollars are saved when people practice meditation and yoga instead of buying drugs and undergoing surgery. More important, India's philosophy of Vedanta and the methodologies of Yoga gave the land of the free a rational, pragmatic, individuated way to conceive of spirituality. And more important still, consider what India's ancient pluralism -- embodied in the Vedic maxim, "Truth is one, the wise call it by different names" -- offers a modern world torn by religious and ethnic tension. Half a century ago, the great historian Arnold Toynbee wrote that India's spiritual legacy offers us "the attitude and the spirit that can make it possible for the human race to grow together into a single family -- and, in the Atomic Age, this is the only alternative to destroying ourselves." For all these gifts, both manifest and yet to be realized, Obama should have offered his partner a sincere "Namaste."

Ancient India’s Contribution in Mathematics, Art, and Architecture.

Introduction

Mathematics, science and technology of ancient India covered many major branches of human knowledge and activities, including physics, astronomy, metallurgy, medical science and surgery, fine arts, civil engineering and architecture, shipbuilding and navigation. According to the 19th century British historian Grant Duff, “Many of the advances in the mathematics and sciences that we consider today to have been made in Europe were in fact made in India centuries ago.” But how much do we all know about it? Such investigation to understand Indian contribution to mathematics, art and architecture, reveals very interesting facts that are the origin of today’s modern world.

Evolution of Mathematics

Mathematics has been considered to be a very important subject since ancient times. We find very elaborate proof of this in the Vedas (which were compiled around 6000 BCE). The concepts of division, addition, concepts of zero and the infinite etc. were used even at that time. We also find roots of algebra in Vedas. People from Arab and other countries used to travel to India for commerce. While doing commerce, they also learnt the easy-to-use calculation methods of India. Through them this knowledge reached Europe. From time to time many inquisitive foreigners who visited India delivered this matchless knowledge to their countries. It is not an exaggeration to say that till 12th century India was the World Guru in the area of Mathematics. The auspicious beginning on Indian Mathematics is in Aadi Granth (ancient/eternal book) Rigved.

Concept of Zero

Most ancient civilizations had no symbol for zero in their number systems because they did not need it. Zero was introduced in the West as late as the beginning of the thirteenth century. Modern society takes the invention of the zero for granted, yet, the Zero is a non-trivial concept that allowed major mathematical breakthroughs. The zero symbol that we now use came from India centuries ago. The Arabs, who learned about it from the mathematicians of India during their travels, introduced it to the rest of the world.

The Decimal System in Harappa

The famous French mathematician, Laplace, said, “The ingenious method of expressing every possible number using a set of ten symbols (each symbol having a place value and an absolute value) emerged in India.” In India a decimal system was already in place during the Harappan period as indicated by an analysis of the Harappan weights and measures. Weights corresponding to ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 have been identified, as have scales with decimal divisions. A particularly notable characteristic of Harappan weights and measures is their remarkable accuracy. A bronze rod marked in units of 0.367 inches points to the degree of precision demanded in those times. Such scales were particularly important in ensuring proper implementation of town planning rules that required roads of fixed widths to run at right angles to each other, for drains to be constructed of precise measurements, and for homes to be constructed according to specified guidelines.

Mathematical Activity in the Vedic Period

Records of mathematical activity in the Vedic period are mostly to be found in Vedic texts associated with ritual activities. However, as in many other early agricultural civilizations, the study of arithmetic and geometry was also impelled by secular considerations. Thus, to some extent, early mathematical developments in India mirrored the developments in Egypt, Babylon and China.

The system of land grants and agricultural tax assessments required accurate measurement of cultivated areas. In order to ensure that all cultivators had equivalent amounts of irrigated and non-irrigated lands and tracts of equivalent fertility - individual farmers in a village often had their holdings broken up in several parcels to ensure fairness. Since plots could not all be of the same shape - local administrators were required to convert rectangular plots or triangular plots to squares of equivalent sizes and so on. Tax assessments were based on fixed proportions of annual or seasonal crop incomes, but could be adjusted upwards or downwards based on a variety of factors. This meant that an understanding of geometry and arithmetic was virtually essential for revenue administrators. Mathematics was thus brought into the service of both the secular and the ritual domains.

Arithmetic Operation and Geometry

Arithmetic operations (Ganit) such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, fractions, squares, cubes and roots are enumerated in the Narad Vishnu Purana attributed to Veda Vyasa (pre-1000 BC). Baudhayana’s Sutra displays an understanding of basic geometric shapes and techniques of converting one geometric shape (such as a rectangle) to another of equivalent (or multiple, or fractional) area (such as a square).

Pingala’s Binary number system

Pingala presents the first known description of a binary numeral system. He described the binary numeral system in connection with the listing of Vedic meters with short and long syllables. The use of zero is sometimes mistakenly ascribed to Pingala due to his discussion of binary numbers, usually represented using 0 and 1 in modern discussion, while Pingala used short and long syllables. Four short syllables (binary “0000″) in Pingala’s system, however, represented the number one, not zero. ? and ? or, ? and ? for heavy (guru) and light (laghu) (long and short). He also contributed to the binomial theorem and his work also contains the basic ideas of Fibonacci number (called maatraameru ).

Aryabhata Sutra for ‘PI’

Mathematics played a vital role in Aryabhata’s revolutionary understanding of the solar system. His calculations on pi, the circumference of the earth (62832 miles) and the length of the solar year (within about 13 minutes of the modern calculation) were remarkably close approximations. His shloka explains as below:
“chaturadhikaM shatamaShTaguNaM
dvAShaShTistathA sahasrANAm
AyutadvayaviShkambhasyAsanno
vr^ttapariNahaH.”

The above shloka’s meaning is: Add 4 to 100, multiply by 8 and add to 62,000. This is approximately the circumference of a circle whose diameter is 20,000. i.e. PI = 62,832 / 20,000 = 3.1416

In making such calculations, Aryabhatta had to solve several mathematical problems that had not been addressed before, including problems in algebra (beej-ganit) and trigonometry (trikonmiti).

Pythogoras Theorem

Pythagoras - the Greek mathematician and philosopher who lived in the 6th century BCE was familiar with the Upanishads and learnt his basic geometry from the Sulva Sutras.

“The square of the hypotenuse of a right angle triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the
other two sides” is a — Pythagorean Theorem (6th century BCE)

An early statement of the Pythagoras theorem was found in Baudhayana’s Sutra: The chord which is stretched across the diagonal of a square produces an area of double the size. His Sutra also contains geometric solutions of a linear equation in a single unknown.

Panini’s Algorithmic Grammar and Formal Scientific Notation

An important development in the history of Indian science that had a profound impact on all mathematical findings that followed was the pioneering work by Panini (6th C BC) in the field of Sanskrit grammar and linguistics. Panini provided formal production rules and definitions describing Sanskrit grammar and phonics.

Basic elements such as vowels and consonants, parts of speech such as nouns and verbs were placed in classes. The construction of compound words and sentences was elaborated through ordered rules operating on underlying structures in a manner similar to formal language theory. Today, Panini’s constructions can also be seen as comparable to modern definitions of a mathematical function.

Vedic Mathematics

Vedic Mathematics is the name given to the ancient system of Mathematics, which was rediscovered from the Vedas between 1911 and 1918 by Sri Bharati Krsna Tirthaji (1884-1960). According to his research, all of mathematics is based on sixteen Sutras or word-formulae. For example, ‘Vertically and Crosswise’ is one of these Sutras. These formulae describe the way the mind naturally works and are therefore a great help in directing the student to the appropriate method of solution.

Perhaps the most important feature of the Vedic system is its coherence. The whole system is beautifully interrelated and unified: the general multiplication method, for example, is easily reversed to allow one-line divisions and the simple squaring method can be reversed to give one-line square roots. These methods are all can be easily understood that makes mathematics easy, enjoyable and encourages innovation. The simplicity of Vedic Mathematics means that calculations can be carried out mentally.

Example of Vedic math simplicity for finding a square of any number:

a) Observe these examples: We get our answer by merely knowing how much is 100 less 97. Knowing that the deficiency is 3, we merely lessen 97 by 3 and then we tag on the squaring of that 3. As a one-line answer, the setting out would appear as thus:
97 Squared = 97 - 3 / 3×3 = 94 / 09 Answer is 9409
96 Squared = 96 - 4 / 4×4 = 92 / 16. Answer is 9216

b)When the number being squared is above the base, of 100 here, we add the Excess and Square the Excess:

104 Squared = 104 + 4 / 4×4 = 108 / 16 = 10, 816
104 x 105 = 104 + 5 / 4×5 = 109 / 20 = 10, 920

c) What if we enlarged our numbers to 998 Squared?

It is close to 1,000 so we say Base 1,000 and know to have 3 zeroes on the right hand side of the ( / ).
998 Squared = 998 – 2 / 2×2 = 996 / _ _ 4 = 996 / 004. = 996,004 Understanding this, you can be calculating digits in the millions: 9998 Squared = 9998 – 2 / 2×2 = 9996 / _ _ _ 4
(Since we are in Base 10,000 the 4 Zeroes determine the need for 4 digits after the ( / ). = 9996 / 0004 = 99,960,004.

Interest in the Vedic system is growing in education where mathematics teachers are looking for something better and finding that the Vedic system is the answer. Research is being carried out in many areas including the effects of learning Vedic Maths on children; developing new, powerful but easy applications of the Vedic Sutras in geometry, calculus, computing etc.

Article by Soumya Murag
Age 15
soumyamurag@gmail.com
Sophomore, Monta Vista High School, Cupertino, CA
Active participant of Cupertino, CA, USA Shakha.